1D Barcode Guide: Types, Standards, Applications & 1D vs 2D

In a world where efficiency is key, 1D barcodes are the unsung heroes that make everyday tasks faster and simpler. From retail transactions to inventory management, these small but mighty codes are everywhere. They help businesses track products, speed up checkouts, and streamline logistics. But have you ever wondered what a 1D barcode is exactly, and how it functions?

In this guide, we’ll dive deep into the world of 1D barcodes—explaining their history, how they function, their various types, and the industries that rely on them. By the end of this article, you'll have a solid understanding of why 1D barcodes remain one of the most essential technologies for businesses worldwide.

Overview of Barcode Types

Barcodes come in two main categories: 1D (linear) and 2D (matrix). Understanding the differences between them helps you choose the right solution for your industry, application, and data requirements.

1D Barcodes (Linear Barcodes)
These are made up of parallel lines and spaces of varying widths. They store a relatively small amount of data—usually numeric or alphanumeric—and are read using laser or linear image scanners. 1D barcodes are ideal for product identification, inventory tracking, and logistics labeling. Examples include UPC, EAN, Code 128, and ITF-14.

2D Barcodes (Matrix Barcodes)
Instead of lines, 2D barcodes use patterns of squares, dots, or other shapes arranged in a grid. They can store much more information, including URLs, contact details, and even images, thanks to advanced error correction. 2D barcodes require camera-based or specialized scanners to read. Common examples are QR Code, Data Matrix, and PDF417.

Quick Tip: Many businesses use both 1D and 2D barcodes in their operations—for example, 1D for product labels and 2D for digital engagement or tracking.

What is a 1D Barcode?

A 1D barcode, also known as a linear barcode, represents data graphically and can be scanned. It's made of parallel lines and spaces of different widths, encoding numbers or letters. The bars represent data through varying widths of bars and spaces, where each symbology (e.g., UPC, Code 128) uses specific patterns to represent characters. Scanners interpret these width variations, not binary color values, to decode the data.

These codes are scanned by barcode readers, decoding data into a readable format. A common 1D barcode example is the UPC, found on retail products.

In simple terms, a 1D barcode is a powerful tool for data encoding, allowing for quick and efficient scanning, making it a vital technology in various industries.

Benefits and Limitations of 1D Barcodes

Below is a summary of the key benefits and drawbacks of 1D barcodes, which can help you understand where they excel and where they may fall short.

Historical Evolution of 1D Barcodes

The history of 1D barcodes dates back to the mid-20th century, and their development was a game-changer for industries that rely on quick and accurate data tracking.

Origins (1940s–1970s)

The concept of a barcode began in the late 1940s, when Joseph Woodland and Bernard Silver developed the first barcode technology. Their idea to use lines and spaces for data was ahead of its time. It wasn't widely used until the 1970s.

Breakthrough with UPC

In 1974, the Universal Product Code (UPC) was introduced in the retail industry, marking the first major adoption of barcode technology. This barcode helped retailers speed up checkout and manage inventory better. This breakthrough revolutionized the retail industry and set the stage for the global standardization of 1D barcodes.

Global Standardization

As barcode technology continued to grow, the development of global standardization through organizations like GS1, which oversees UPC and EAN, helped ensure the consistency and reliability of 1D barcodes across industries. ISO/IEC later formalized symbologies like Code 128 (ISO/IEC 15417) to ensure international consistency. These standards paved the way for 1D barcodes to be used in sectors like logistics, healthcare, and libraries.

How 1D Barcodes Work: Structure and Technology

Now that we have a background on 1D barcodes, let’s explore their structure and how they work.

Anatomy of a 1D Barcode

A 1D barcode consists of three main parts: bars, spaces, and the quiet zone. The bars and spaces represent binary data, with black bars typically representing “1” and white spaces representing “0.” The quiet zone is the clear space on either side of the barcode, which ensures the scanner can accurately detect the barcode and avoid scanning errors.

Common barcode symbologies like EAN-13 and Code 128 encode numeric and alphanumeric data into this simple yet effective linear format.

Encoding Principles

The binary representation in a 1D barcode means that each series of bars and spaces encodes specific data. For example, in the case of a UPC barcode, the sequence of bars and spaces represents a 12-digit code that identifies a specific product. This encoded data is then read by a barcode scanner, which decodes the binary sequence into a human-readable format.

Scanning Process

To scan a 1D barcode, the barcode scanner emits a laser light onto the barcode. The light is reflected back by the black bars and white spaces, and the scanner detects these variations in light intensity. By measuring bar and space widths, the scanner translates light data into encoded info.

1D Barcode Standards

1D barcodes follow a variety of global standards issued by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO/IEC) and GS1 to ensure compatibility and interoperability across countries, systems, and industries. Below is a list of the most common 1D barcode standards, along with their applicable symbologies and typical industry use cases.

Why Standardization Matters

• Cross-System Compatibility – Ensures that barcodes can be read accurately across different countries, systems, and scanning equipment.
• Error Reduction – Unified encoding rules and check digit mechanisms minimize scanning errors.
• Regulatory Compliance – Certain industries (e.g., healthcare, pharmaceuticals, food) require compliance with specific barcode standards.

Pro Tip:
When selecting a 1D barcode, always refer to the relevant industry guidelines and global standards:

• Retail products: UPC-A (North America) or EAN-13 (International)
• Outer carton packaging: ITF-14 (GS1 Standard)
• Pharmaceutical products: GS1 DataBar, Pharmacode
• Logistics & warehousing: Code 128, GS1-128

Types of 1D Barcodes

1D barcodes come in several different types, each designed for specific uses and applications across various industries. Below, we’ll explore some of the most widely used 1D barcode types, helping you understand their functions, advantages, and when to use each:

UPC (Universal Product Code)

• UPC-A: It's the most common barcode in retail. It has 12 digits and is used for product ID in stores and supermarkets. UPC-A barcodes speed up the checkout process and simplify inventory management.
• UPC-E: A compressed version of UPC-A, the UPC-E barcode is typically used for smaller items and consists of 6 digits. It is ideal for packaging small products.

EAN (European Article Number)

• EAN-13: Like UPC-A, EAN-13 is used internationally with 13 digits. It's widely used outside North America for global retail product ID.
• EAN-8: EAN-8: It's a shorter version of EAN-13 with 8 digits. It’s often used for small products or limited space on packaging.

GS1 DataBar (RSS - Reduced Space Symbology)

GS1 DataBar (formerly RSS - Reduced Space Symbology) was developed to provide a compact barcode solution for small products and to enable the encoding of additional information beyond the Global Trade Item Number (GTIN), such as batch numbers and expiration dates, using GS1 Application Identifiers. It has multiple variations, including:

• GS1 DataBar Omnidirectional: Allows scanning from any angle.
• GS1 DataBar Stacked Omnidirectional: A stacked version for scanning in tight spaces.
• GS1 DataBar Expanded: Can encode more information, including additional product details.

Code 39

• Code 39: One of the oldest alphanumeric barcodes, capable of encoding both numbers and uppercase letters, along with a few special characters. Code 39 is commonly used in industry and government.
• Code 39 Extended: This extended version of Code 39 allows encoding of all ASCII characters, making it more versatile for various data encoding needs.

Code 128

Known for its high density, this barcode can encode all ASCII characters, making it a popular choice for logistics, shipping, and inventory management. Code 128 comes with three subsets (A, B, C) that optimize different types of data encoding.

Interleaved 2 of 5 (ITF)

A numeric barcode often used in logistics and warehouses with high density. It encodes even-numbered digits only and is ideal for tracking products and shipments.

Codabar

Often used in older systems, such as libraries, blood banks, and FedEx air waybills, Codabar can encode alphanumeric characters and a few special symbols, making it suitable for specialized tracking.

MSI Plessey

• MSI Plessey: Developed by MSI Data Corporation based on the Plessey Code, MSI Plessey is a modified version with added check digits for inventory control.
• Plessey: An older barcode symbology developed in the UK, a numeric barcode used in retail and libraries.

Other Industry-Specific Barcodes

• Telepen: A barcode type developed in Europe, capable of encoding alphanumeric data. It's primarily used in specialized industries.
• Pharmacode: Designed for the pharmaceutical industry, Pharmacode is used for packaging control, primarily in the medical field.

Key Considerations When Selecting a 1D Barcode Type

When selecting the right 1D barcode type, consider the following factors:

• Data Type: Does the barcode need to encode numbers, letters, special characters, or all ASCII characters?
• Data Volume: The more data that needs to be encoded, the higher the density required for the barcode.
• Space Constraints: In cases where space is limited (e.g., small products), choose a more compact barcode like UPC-E or EAN-8.
• Industry Norms: Some industries, like pharmaceuticals or logistics, may need specific barcode types.

The world of 1D barcodes is vast, with a variety of barcode types suited for different industries and applications. Whether you’re managing retail inventory, tracking shipments in logistics, or storing product details in healthcare, understanding the unique characteristics of each 1D barcode type is essential for choosing the right one for your needs.

With the right 1D barcode, you can streamline data collection, increase efficiency, and reduce errors in your operations.

Common Applications of 1D Barcodes Across Industries

1D barcodes are widely used across multiple industries for efficient tracking and management. Here's a brief look at their applications in various sectors:

How to Generate and Read 1D Barcodes

To effectively use 1D barcodes, it’s important to understand how to generate and scan them. Let’s explore the tools and methods for creating and reading barcodes.

Barcode Generation Tools & How to Create 1D Barcodes

Generating 1D barcodes is easier than ever thanks to a variety of online tools and professional software. Whether you need a simple product label or a bulk set of shipping codes, you can choose from free generators or advanced design platforms.

Popular Barcode Generation Tools

How to Generate a 1D Barcode – Step-by-Step

• Identify Your Requirements: Start by determining what kind of barcode you need. For example, choose UPC-A for retail products, Code 128 for logistics and shipping, or ITF-14 for outer cartons. Make sure the chosen barcode type aligns with your product’s intended use and scanning environment.
• Choose a Barcode Generator: Select a tool that fits your needs. Free online generators are ideal for creating one-off barcodes quickly, while professional software solutions are better for bulk generation, label design, and integration with ERP or WMS systems.
• Enter Your Data: Input the data you want to encode, such as a GTIN, SKU, serial number, or any required alphanumeric code. Always verify that the length and format of your data match the specifications for your selected barcode type.
• Adjust Settings: Fine-tune the barcode parameters for optimal readability. Set the X-dimension (bar width), ensure a proper quiet zone on both sides, and use a resolution of at least 300 dpi if printing to maintain scan quality.
• Generate and Export: Once you have configured the settings, generate the barcode and export it in the desired format. PNG and JPEG work well for digital use, while SVG, EPS, or PDF are preferred for high-quality printing.
• Print and Test: Print a sample barcode and test it with a scanner under different lighting conditions and scanning angles. Make any necessary adjustments to ensure consistent and accurate readability.

 Image Suggestions for This Section

• Screenshot Collage of popular online barcode generators.
• Step-by-Step Infographic showing the barcode creation workflow.
• Before/After example of a barcode design with correct quiet zone and resolution.
• Photo of a printed barcode label being scanned with a Tera Android barcode scanner.

If you’re using Tera Android barcode scanners, you can integrate barcode generation directly into your workflow. For example, generate a Code 128 shipping label in your WMS app, print it on-site, and scan it immediately for inventory tracking—no extra software required.

Reading 1D Barcodes: Scanning Methods and Tools

To decode 1D barcodes, you’ll need a compatible barcode scanner. There are two common types of scanners:

• Laser Scanners: Most commonly used in high-traffic areas such as retail stores. They work by sending a laser across the barcode. The scanner reads the reflected light to decode data. Laser scanners are fast, efficient, and work well for long-range scanning.
• CCD Imagers: These use light sensors to capture the barcode's image. Although typically slower than laser scanners, CCD imagers are reliable for reading barcodes at close range and in various orientations, making them ideal for controlled environments.
• Android Barcode Scanners: These mobile devices, equipped with Android operating systems, are increasingly popular for businesses that need portability and flexibility. Android barcode scanners offer real-time data capture and can be used across different industries, from retail to logistics. Tera provides high-quality Android barcode scanners that combine durability, precision, and ease of use, making them an excellent solution for businesses requiring a reliable and efficient scanning tool.

No matter the scanner, both laser and CCD models are designed to read 1D barcodes effectively, ensuring quick and accurate data retrieval.

Troubleshooting Common Scanning Issues

While 1D barcodes are generally reliable, certain issues may hinder their scan performance. Here are a few common problems:

• Low Print Quality: Faint or distorted barcodes can be difficult for scanners to read. Always ensure barcodes are printed clearly to minimize errors.
• Damaged Barcodes: Scratches or smudges can interfere with scanning. Regularly check barcodes for damage and replace them when necessary.
• Scanning Calibration: Scanners need regular calibration for accurate readings, especially as they age or when used in varying lighting conditions.

By maintaining high-quality barcodes and ensuring scanners are properly calibrated, businesses can minimize downtime and ensure smooth scanning operations.

Why Choose Tera Android Barcode Scanners?

For businesses seeking reliable and efficient scanning solutions, Tera offers Android barcode scanners that are both powerful and durable. Here's what makes them special:

1. Cutting-Edge Technology

Tera’s Android barcode scanners, like the P160 and P166, come with Qualcomm CPUs and long-lasting batteries for real-time, accurate scanning of 1D barcodes such as UPC, EAN, and Code 128.

2. Built for Tough Environments

With an IP67 rating, Tera scanners are resistant to dust and water, making them ideal for challenging environments like warehouses and retail stores.

3. User-Friendly and Versatile

Running on an Android system, Tera scanners offer a familiar interface, making integration into existing workflows seamless and easy for businesses in industries like retail, logistics, and healthcare.

4. Trusted by Various Industries

From inventory management to patient tracking, Tera’s scanners are reliable and efficient for diverse business needs, ensuring higher productivity and fewer errors.

Choose Tera Android barcode scanners for a combination of durability, advanced features, and industry-specific solutions that enhance your business operations.

Troubleshooting Common 1D Barcode Issues

While 1D barcodes are essential, scanning issues can arise due to various factors. Here are common issues and quick fixes for a smooth 1D barcode system:

• Low-Quality Prints: Poor print quality can cause scanning errors. Ensure 1D barcodes are printed with high resolution (300 dpi or higher) and proper contrast for clear readability.
• Damaged Barcodes: Scratched or torn barcodes may not scan correctly. Reprint damaged barcodes and consider using more durable 1D barcode labels for protection.
  Incorrect Placement: Barcodes placed in hard-to-reach areas can lead to scanning issues. Ensure 1D barcodes are easily accessible and have a clear quiet zone around them.
• Scanner Calibration: Incorrectly calibrated scanners can result in failed scans. Regularly calibrate your 1D barcode scanner to ensure optimal scanning performance.

By fixing these issues, your 1D barcode system will run smoothly, cut down scanning errors, and boost productivity.

Quick Reference: 1D vs 2D Barcodes

Use 1D barcodes when you need a fast, cost-effective way to identify and track products. Choose 2D barcodes when your application requires storing more data, enabling digital interactions, or improving scanning reliability in challenging conditions.

Conclusion

1D barcodes have played a crucial role in simplifying data tracking and improving operational efficiency across multiple industries. While they may not be as advanced as 2D barcodes, they remain a staple in logistics, retail, and many other sectors due to their reliability, low cost, and simplicity.

Looking forward, 1D barcodes will continue to evolve, integrating with new technologies to enhance their capabilities. Whether you’re working with product inventories or managing logistics, understanding 1D barcode technology is key to optimizing your business processes.

FAQs

Which 1D barcode type is most common?
UPC, EAN, and Code 128 are the most common 1D barcodes for product ID and tracking in retail, logistics, and healthcare.

What does a 1D barcode look like?
A 1D barcode consists of vertical bars and spaces arranged in a linear format, with a quiet zone on both sides for easy scanning.

Are 1D barcodes still relevant today?
Yes, 1D barcodes remain widely used due to their simplicity, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness in industries like retail and healthcare.

How can I visually tell whether a barcode is 1D or 2D?

1D barcodes are made of vertical lines and spaces, while 2D barcodes use square or dot patterns arranged in a grid.

What is the standard size for a 1D barcode?
Size depends on the standard, but most require a quiet zone, a bar width (X-dimension) of at least 0.33 mm, and a height of around 15% of the barcode’s length.

What’s the simplest way to read a 1D barcode?
Use a laser scanner, a 1D-compatible imaging device, or a smartphone with a barcode scanning app.

Can I make a 1D barcode directly in Excel?
Yes, by installing a barcode font or using an Excel add-in that generates barcode images from your data.

Why is the Aztec code called that?
It’s named after the central square finder pattern, which resembles the stepped design of Aztec pyramids.

Are QR codes considered 1D barcodes?
No, QR codes are 2D barcodes because they store data in both horizontal and vertical directions.

What’s the main difference between 1D, 2D, and 3D barcodes?
1D uses lines and spaces, 2D uses grids of patterns, and 3D embeds data physically on objects for specialized scanning.